Sprinklers 101: The Key Parts of the Sprinkler System

When you think of a sprinkler system, you probably imagine the sprinkler heads spraying water gracefully across the lawn and maybe the timer, which you set to water grass at the best time of day. But there are so many more parts to your sprinklers. When it’s time to winterize your sprinkler system, cap a sprinkler head that you no longer need, or repair a leaking irrigation pipe, it’s helpful to know all the different parts of the sprinkler system and how they work together.

1. Water Source

Yard sprinklers need to pull water from somewhere. Depending on your property, you may get water from a main line connected to a municipal water source, a well, or a pump.

2. Irrigation Meter

Your water utility provider usually sets up the irrigation meter, which measures water usage using the sprinkler system. In some places, especially areas prone to drought, like the southwestern U.S., water restrictions determine how much water you can use for residential irrigation.

3. Controller or Timer

The entire sprinkler system relies on a controller to determine when the water will spray out onto the yard. You can program the controller or timer to spray water at certain times. This controller then opens or closes the valves when the program time starts or ends.

4. Valves

The valves control the water flow. When they are open, the water can flow through to the sprinklers. When closed, the sprinkler system is off until the next programmed watering time.

5. Pipes 

The pipes run underground and carry the water from the water supply to the valves and then to all the sprinklers around the yard. For sprinkler systems, you’ll typically have PVC pipes. Sprinkler line depth is about 7 to 10 inches, which protects them from damage.

6. Risers

The risers are small, threaded tubes connecting the PVC pipe to each sprinkler head. These risers can also be capped with threaded PVC pipes if there are sprinkler heads you no longer need.

7. Sprinkler Heads

The sprinkler heads are the part that sprays water around the yard or garden. There are many different types of sprinkler heads, including pop-up sprinkler heads that spray water lower to the ground, rotary nozzle heads that can rotate to spray water around a large area, and impact sprinkler heads, which make a slight ticking sound as they spray and are great for homes with hard water.

8. Sprinkler Caps

Sprinkler caps are optional parts that can plug individual sprinkler heads if you find too many sprinklers per zone in your yard. These caps, which are often included in the sprinkler system kit, screw into the sprinkler head to stop water from coming out of that individual sprinkler head. You can also use threaded PVC caps that screw into risers to stop water flow.

How the Sprinkler System Works

The sprinkler system directs water from the water source through control valves managed by the controller or timer. When the timer is ready, the water flows through the open control valves, pipes, and sprinkler heads. When the controller signals the timer is done, the control valves shut, stopping the water from flowing to the sprinkler heads.

If you have different zones set up, the controller can signal for control valves for one zone to open and allow water to flow while it signals to the control valves for a separate zone to close and stop watering that area.

Cost of Installing a Sprinkler System

Installing a sprinkler system costs about $1,670 to $3,550, depending on the type of sprinkler and the size of the area you want to irrigate. You can also set up different zones, about $500 to $1,000 per zone, which allows you to water different sections of your property at different times. This can be convenient for giving all your different plants and grass the right amount of water, but installing additional valves and sprinkler lines costs more.

Who to Hire to Install or Troubleshoot a Sprinkler System

Whether you need to troubleshoot a malfunctioning sprinkler or you want to install a new sprinkler system, hire a local sprinkler installer near you. Although some repairs, like capping a sprinkler head, can be easy to DIY, finding a leaking pipe or digging trenches to lay new sprinkler lines is a big job. Avoid destroying your lawn and causing water leaks by leaving this work to the pros.