Alternative Septic Systems: Types, Costs, and When to Choose Each

You may need an alternative septic system if you live near a body of water, a nature preserve, or have soil that’s incompatible with a conventional septic system. Luckily, there are alternatives to septic systems to fit every situation. Learn about alternative septic systems, their cost, maintenance, and when to choose each type.

What Is an Alternative Septic System?

Alternative septic systems treat wastewater and safely emit it into the natural environment using technology and filters. They cost more than conventional systems and require more maintenance because they have additional electrical components, including alarms, monitors, and pumps.

Septic system alternatives are more complex and need to be designed and installed by an expert. A septic system is not something that a homeowner can install alone. These systems are built for the specific property, soil conditions, depth, and usage levels. A septic tank company ensures that the land, technology, treatment process, and dispersing methods are precise.

Here are the most common alternative septic systems available:

• Mound systems

• Aerobic treatment systems

• Recirculating sand filter systems

• Plastic chamber leach fields

• Drip distribution systems

• Constructed wetland systems

• Evapotranspiration Systems

• Cluster/community systems

• Pressurized dosing systems

Some municipalities and states require that any alternative septic system must be certified. Your local municipality might require you to have a service contract with an approved vendor, as maintenance is essential for the proper function and safety of the surrounding areas.

Why You Might Want an Alternative Septic System

You may need to consider an alternative type of septic system for any of the following reasons:

• Your property doesn't pass a perc test, meaning the soil's absorption rate isn't compatible with a conventional septic system.

• You live near a nature preserve or sensitive natural environment that could be contaminated by a traditional septic tank.

• You live near a body of water that is sensitive to water pollution.

• Your soil has bedrock that's too close to the surface, making it impossible to dig a septic system.

• Your soil is too dense and has a high clay content.

• The water table is too high.

1. Mound Systems

Mound systems use a series of small distribution pipes in a gravel layer on top of a sand layer. Topsoil covers the system, creating the signature mound on top. An observation tube and access riser stick out of the ground. Mound systems have a dosing (or pump) chamber and a septic tank. The chamber collects wastewater, separating the effluent from the sludge. The effluent then flows to the mound in prescribed doses. After treatment occurs, it disperses water into the soil after going through a sand filter.

A mound system runs like a conventional system but with a leach field raised above grade. An alarm system alerts you or your maintenance company if the pump fails or the water rises too high.

Mound systems cost $10,000 to $20,000, depending on the design, cost of materials, and the condition of the area. They require ongoing maintenance and monitoring to keep it in good shape. Mound systems last 20 to 40 years when well-maintained.

Best for: Large areas with dense soil or a high water table

2. Aerobic Treatment System

An aerobic treatment system incorporates oxygen into the treatment tank with an air pump, helping the natural bacteria activity (they need oxygen to thrive) and adding nutrients to the wastewater.

An aerobic system uses a multi-chamber underground concrete tank, often with up to four chambers, to treat the effluent. The chambers collect, aerate, purify, and pump the effluent. Some aerobic systems have pretreatment and final treatment tanks to disinfect the water as well.

This alternative septic system discharges the wastewater into a small drain field or sprays it in a rural setting. Due to their thorough process, aerobic systems can produce higher-quality wastewater than other systems.

Aerobic treatment systems cost $10,000 to $20,000 and are primarily used when the property requires high-quality treatment, has poor soil conditions, or is near sensitive bodies of water. They work well for homes with smaller lots because they don’t take up a ton of room. Aerobic treatment systems can last up to 40 years.

Best for: Small or large lots with poor soil conditions or near bodies of water

3. Recirculating Sand Filter System

A recirculating sand filter system is a large PVC-lined or concrete box filled with sand that's two to four feet deep. The effluent moves from the septic tank to a pump chamber. The pump pushes the effluent through the top layer of sand, where the system filters and treats the wastewater before it deposits into the drain field.

The system can be above grade or partially or fully underground, utilizing a pump and controls or gravity to evenly dose the effluent into the drain field. The sand filter incorporates oxygen into its system to further filter out toxins.

A recirculating sand filter system costs $7,000 to $18,000 due to the pump tank, materials, excavation, and installation. Like other septic system alternatives, sand filters must be well-designed, constructed, and maintained. Sand filters work well on properties with shallow soil, high water tables, near bodies of water, and environmentally sensitive areas.

Best for: Small or large lots with shallow soil, high water tables, and near environmentally sensitive areas

4. Plastic Chamber Leach Field

A plastic chamber leach field operates like a conventional septic system of connected chambers but with a somewhat different leach field—half-pipe plastic chambers replace gravel to offer a void for effluent flow. The effluent comes in contact with microbes on or near the soil, treating the water and allowing it to flow into the earth.

Plastic chamber systems work well on small lots due to a small drain field size. They also work well on properties with high or variable groundwater tables or places where the volume of influent changes (such as at a seasonal inn or cottage).

Chamber systems cost between $5,000 and $12,000, making them one of the more affordable alternative septic systems to construct.

Best for: Small or large areas with high or variable water tables or where the volume of influent fluctuates

5. Drip Distribution System

A drip distribution system pumps effluent through a filtering device to shallow drip tubes that disperse the treated water over a large area. The effluent moves from the septic tank to the rising tank. The distribution irrigates the leach field in a controlled, timed manner through an array of tubes. The system involves a pretreatment unit to deliver disinfected water to the system. The system removes the nitrogen from the wastewater, making the water healthy enough for lawns or non-edible plants.

Drip distribution irrigation systems cost $8,000 to $18,000, partly due to the cost of the large dose tanks. They also require extra monitoring and maintenance due to the technology they use. Because it needs electricity, power outages can interfere and cause a need for more maintenance. Drip distribution systems last 15 years on average but can last up to 40 years with exceptional maintenance.

Best for: Properties with shallow soils, clay soil, and steep slopes, but not those in colder climates

6. Constructed Wetland System

A constructed wetland system uses a septic tank and a shallow manufactured pond lined with rock and tire pieces. The wastewater travels from the septic tank and is distributed through a perforated pipe where the aquatic plants, bacteria, gravel, and other microorganisms break down the pathogens. A pipe at the back of the wetland collects the treated water and moves it into a drain field to release it into the soil.

The size and design of a wetland system vary, but the system works well with almost all types of soil. Constructed wetland systems cost $5,000 to $12,000. Maintenance includes planting, trimming, and weeding the wetlands area. Constructed wetland systems can last for 20 to 40 years.

Best for: Large lots or rural areas with poor soil conditions

7. Evapotranspiration Systems

Evapotranspiration systems feature a waterproof open-air tank where the wastewater slowly evaporates into the air. Unlike other alternative septic systems, the wastewater never reaches the ground and groundwater.

Evapotranspiration systems cost $10,000 to $15,000. They require a warm, dry climate and lots of sunlight and are only used under specific conditions. Too much snow, humidity, or rain can cause a system failure. Maintenance is relatively more accessible and cheaper than other septic system alternatives. Evapotranspiration systems can last 15 to 40 years.

Best for: Warm, dry climates

8. Cluster or Community System

A cluster system, also called a community system, collects wastewater from two or more dwellings. Each building has its own septic tank, and then the cluster system treats the collective wastewater and disperses it into the drain field. Community or cluster systems are often co-owned and maintained. They are popular in rural subdivisions and small neighborhood communities.

The cost of cluster or community septic systems depends largely on the geographic location, number of dwellings, and the drain field size. Cluster systems can last for up to 20 to 40 years.

Best for: Two or more homes in close proximity

9. Pressurized Dosing

A pressurized dosing system uses a holding tank and pumps the effluent through piping in even and controlled doses. It improves the performance of the leach field and is often used to rehabilitate a leach field after a septic system failure. Pressurized dosing can be used with a range of alternative septic systems, including mound systems, sand filters, plastic chambers, and drip irrigation.

Best for: Use in conjunction with mound systems, sand filters, plastic chambers, and drip irrigation systems

How to Choose an Alternative Septic System for Your Home

All types of alternative septic systems require careful design, planning, and construction. They are not a one-size-fits-all solution.

When choosing an alternative septic system, you should consider: 

• Type of soil and soil quality

• Nearby natural habitats and bodies of water

• Topography of property

• Lot size

• Climate

• Budget

• Level of maintenance required

As a homeowner, it’s difficult to assess your property and decide on a type of alternative septic system. It’s best to work with a local septic tank company to help determine your property's best alternative septic system. An improper design or construction can be an expensive, inconvenient problem later on.