Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC

General Remodeling, Finished Carpentry and Woodworking, Drywall,

About us

Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC 35 years' experience in all phases of interior and exterior Carpentry, Remodeling and New Construction. All our work is guaranteed, and we are licensed and insured. We work cleanly and respect your home as we would our own. Our entire team of professionals is committed to providing top quality workmanship and excellent customer service.

Business highlights

35 years of trusted experience

Services we offer

Additions - Finished Basements - Kitchens - Bathrooms - Garages - Windows - Doors - Siding - Gutters - Decks - Porches - Columns - Steps - Railings - Drywall - Painting - Ceramic Tile - Hardwood Floors - Trim Work - Egress Windows & Doors - Custom Closets, Pantries and Built-ins - Custom Carpentry Work

Services we don't offer

Resurfacing of cabinets, floors & stairs.

Amenities

Free Estimates
Yes
Warranties
Yes


Accepted payment methods

Check

Photos of past projects

Reviews

4.9119 Reviews
Number of StarsImage of DistributionNumber of Ratings
5
87%
4
3%
3
3%
2
2%
1
6%


Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
4.9
value
4.8
professionalism
4.9
responsiveness
4.8
punctuality
4.8

Filter reviews by category

Showing 51-119 of 119 reviews

Gene R.
07/2018
5.0
gutter repair, remodeling, siding
  + 1 more
Great, Wally and his crew were very courteous and professional. Great improvement to the exterior of our house
Description of Work: New soffit and capping/gutters

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$5,000

Glenn S.
07/2018
5.0
woodworking
  + -1 more
Wally was very responsive and extremely professional. Hi work was exceptional.
Description of Work: Wanted decorative mounding installed on two stair cases, dining room, and recreation room.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$6,000

Beth B.
05/2018
5.0
picture framing, stucco
  + 0 more
We had Manfredia's come out to do some stucco work on our house, the work went great and in a very prompt manner. We were on a bit of a time schedule with some up coming renovations but they took great care of us to ensure the work would be done on time. Looking foward to working with Manfredia's on some up coming projects! A+
Description of Work: Stucco work/Framing

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro

Beth B.
05/2018
5.0
remodeling
  + -1 more
Manfredia's just recently completed my roof and I could not be more pleased. From start the finish they were there to answer my questions and made sure I had all my options to choose from. The job started promptly and I am pleased to say it did not take long! The roofers were great, very courteous and made sure to move anything that could get damaged while they were tearing off the old roof which I really appreciated. The whole process was very smooth and looks fanatic! I love coming home to see my new roof, thanks for everything!
Description of Work: New Roof put on

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro

Catherine C.
05/2018
5.0
remodeling
  + -1 more
Last spring Wally and team replaced rotting door trim and old sliding doors that had become drafty and slightly leaky in wet weather. We haven't noticed any drafts or dampness this past winter and spring. They did a nice job.
Description of Work: Replaced rotting exterior door trim and sliding doors

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro

Jud D.
04/2018
4.0
ceramic tile, drywall, picture framing, hardwood floor, lighting, remodeling, replacement windows, home remodeling, interior painters
  + 7 more
I have a lot to say about Wally. First, he is a really good guy, very charismatic, and extremely responsive by phone and email, which I appreciated. He was also generous with his time, helping me out with a few extra things that went beyond what I had hired him for, and even driving over to the house one weekend evening when the old sink in my kitchen (before he started the work) was leaking. The quality of the work was very good but not excellent. For example, in the new kitchen he installed a maple butcher block counter that is beautiful but has a large mark that's obvious when the sun comes through the window (see photo). After the job was done he repeatedly promised to come fix it but never did. There were other small details which were not completely professional in quality, but most of them he addressed once I pointed them out. And overall the kitchen looks really good (see photo). My biggest complaint is that Wally is a salesman and will promise a schedule and completion date and then not come anywhere close to staying on schedule. His crew would sometimes show up, sometimes show up late, sometimes not at all - he had other jobs going at the same time and it was never clear how he prioritized my job relative to other jobs. Once he started I expected him to work continuously on the kitchen until it was done, but that was not how he worked. My neighbor was also using him for a kitchen and back deck, and, again, the work is really nice overall, but he completed the job many months later than he promised. As far as pricing, it was fair, although there were a few items that he was clearly overcharging me for. To be fair, when I complained about one item in particular being way overpriced, he adjusted the price, but if I hadn't said anything, I would have been way overcharged. The electrician he was using was really bad and it took a few times of me complaining about the electric work before he got a different electrician. Eventually he did, and he was very apologetic. He was very flexible when I changed things last minute, and tried to work with me to make sure I was happy. And certainly some small part of the overall delays was due to my changing plans on a few items. But overall, the reason I would not hire him again was because of how frustrating it was to be promised a completion date, then have it pushed back, then be promised a new completion date, then have it pushed back, etc. And from my neighbor's experience, this wasn't just a fluke or one-time issue. I know it's not unusual for contractors to work like this, but it was pretty extreme.
Description of Work: Remodel kitchen, window install, exterior roofing/eave work.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
4.0
value
4.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
3.0

$25,000

Sandra M.
11/2017
5.0
woodworking, doors
  + 0 more
Manfredia's workmanship was excellent, and they were highly professional - arriving on time, cleaning up, and paying attention to detail. We had a problem with one part shipped from the door manufacturer, and Manfredia resolved it in a satisfactory manner. We would hire them again for any additional work. The price was not the cheapest, but for an important one-time job that shows off your house, you want the best.
Description of Work: Manfredia replaced a front door with side windows, an external kitchen door, and two storm doors.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
4.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro

JENNIFER L.
11/2017
5.0
drywall, egress windows, flooring contractor, lighting, plumbing, remodeling, woodworking, interior painters, basement remodeling
  + 7 more
took a bit longer than expected, but good price and very good work. Some nice extra touches.
Description of Work: basement remodel

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$22,000

Robin S.
10/2017
3.0
heating & air conditioning/hvac, insulation, plumbing, remodeling, woodworking, home remodeling, interior painters
  + 5 more
We were given a time frame over the summer 2017. Final invoices were not given to use until a year later, May 2018,. The pocket door was not insulated properly, and in November 2017, there was cold air rushing in (so badly we could see our breath), right before Thanksgiving. The painters had to redo the paint job due to all the errors and bad work that we pointed out with stickies all over doors, walls, and trim. This was a small bathroom on a cement slab, off the back door to the house. We were given the impression this would be complete by end of summer - they were STILL working on it over Thanksgiving, until the winter, and never fully completed the project until May 2018.
Description of Work: We had a brand new 1/2 bath installed off our kitchen, including full shower and insulation.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
3.0
value
4.0
professionalism
2.0
responsiveness
2.0
punctuality
2.0


Kathy K.
08/2017
5.0
remodeling, home remodeling
  + 0 more
Wally and his team did an amazing job with our kitchen remodel. He gave great suggestions as we worked through the project and the result is a beautifully remodeled kitchen. Whenever we hit a snag during the project, he had an answer and a quick resolution. I plan on hiring him again for another project soon.
Description of Work: Kitchen remodel

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$25,000

Sharon S.
06/2017
5.0
plumbing, woodworking, interior painters
  + 1 more
I sent him a note to let him know he was a little high. He came out timely. He was the highest of three quotes.
Description of Work: An estimate for wall repair, replacing toilet, painting, and some plumbing repair in the basement, due to a leak.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
2.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

$5,500

Stacey R.
03/2017
5.0
remodeling, roofing
  + 0 more
Great, Wally and his crew were courteous and attentive to our needs. Clean up was great and job was finished on time.
Description of Work: New roof, plywood and shingles

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$20,000

James P.
03/2017
5.0
ceramic tile, closet systems, drywall, picture framing, garage doors, hardwood floor, remodeling, siding, woodworking, ceiling fans, home remodeling, doors, basement remodeling
  + 11 more
Manfredia's Carpentry has always performed quality work on time and on budget. First 2 bathrooms, 2 bay windos and sliding glass door and now chair rail, hardwood floors and baseboard. They were not the cheapest nor most expensive however the quality of their work and professionalism is outstanding. Walley is the first guy I call and usually the last. Thank you Manfredia's Carpentry team for another great job!
Description of Work: Baseboard and chair rail

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
3.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$4,000

Stacey R.
10/2016
5.0
custom cabinets, decks, fencing, flooring contractor, gutter cleaning, gutter repair, heating & air conditioning/hvac, insulation, lighting, mulch, roofing, siding, replacement windows, deck cleaning, custom furniture, skylights, ceiling fans, stucco, house painters, interior painters, sunrooms, basement remodeling
  + 20 more
The work performed was wonderful. All of the work that was performed was completed in a timely manner. The gentleman that completed the job were polite and professional. I would highly recommend this company for any work you would require at your home.
Description of Work: New siding and brick molding

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$17,000

Sam D.
10/2016
5.0
woodworking
  + -1 more
I've used them three or four times and I am very, very, very pleased. They're all good. In fact I just referred them to my neighbor.
Description of Work: I use Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC for carpentry and woodwork services. They installed new doors. They've done some ceiling repairs and painting.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro

joseph T.
08/2016
5.0
remodeling
  + -1 more
This was our second time using Manfreida Carpentry, and we will definitely use this company again. Previously, Wally installed a door and storm door on the back of our house, as well as a small section of gutter and a downspout. The job was completed in a single day. Pleased with his work, and anxious to address some additional problem areas, we contacted Wally this past winter to address two problems: openings created by a previous owner on the side of our house under a dining room window bump out and a crawl space that contains pipes (which have been freezing) for a downstairs bathroom. Wally initially came to our house and inspected the areas of concern. He then wrote an estimate an emailed it to us. During the initial estimate, Wally carefully examined the dining room bump out and discussed some of his concerns, which included some problems with our siding and likely water penetration behind the siding. Wally explained the reasons behind his assessment and I felt confident that he was trying to prevent me from superficially addressing the areas of concern. Face to face, Wally clearly answered all of my questions, and I had many. Wally understood our monetary constraints and presented us with several different options for dealing with the observed problem. We ultimately decided to purchase new siding. After the siding was installed, by Ryan, who did most of this work, Wally proceeded to insulate and repair the areas of initial concern. We also decided to add capping to all of our windows and a new front screen door. We were pleased with the quality of the work and impressed that whenever we had a question or concern, it was addressed promptly.
Description of Work: Soffit Repair Crawl space insulated and door added Windows capped New front screen door installed

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$11,000

joseph T.
08/2016
5.0
remodeling
  + -1 more
This was our second time using Manfreida Carpentry, and we will definitely use this company again. Previously, Wally installed a door and storm door on the back of our house, as well as a small section of gutter and a downspout. The job was completed in a single day. Pleased with his work, and anxious to address some additional problem areas, we contacted Wally this past winter to address two problems: openings created by a previous owner on the side of our house under a dining room window bump out and a crawl space that contains pipes (which have been freezing) for a downstairs bathroom. Wally initially came to our house and inspected the areas of concern. He then wrote an estimate an emailed it to us. During the initial estimate, Wally carefully examined the dining room bump out and discussed some of his concerns, which included some problems with our siding and likely water penetration behind the siding. Wally explained the reasons behind his assessment and I felt confident that he was trying to prevent me from superficially addressing the areas of concern. Face to face, Wally clearly answered all of my questions, and I had many. Wally understood our monetary constraints and presented us with several different options for dealing with the observed problem. We ultimately decided to purchase new siding. After the siding was installed, by Ryan, who did most of this work, Wally proceeded to insulate and repair the areas of initial concern. We also decided to add capping to all of our windows and a new front screen door. We were pleased with the quality of the work and impressed that whenever we had a question or concern, it was addressed promptly.
Description of Work: New Siding

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$11,000

Sam D.
07/2016
5.0
woodworking
  + -1 more
The company was very professional and neat and conciseness about service. They were willing to work with us if our schedule varied. We've used them 2 or 3 times and we plan on using them again. It was a very pleasant experience.
Description of Work: They provided predominately carpentry and instillation services.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro

Brendan M.
07/2016
5.0
woodworking
  + -1 more
We had Manfredia Construction install, stain, and paint our first floor stair railing. Wally and his team were polite, professional, and cleaned up each day. Wally was very responsive throughout the process and was easily reached by phone or email to answer our questions. He offered creative solutions to unexpected issues, ensuring the work was completed to our satisfaction. The construction and craftsmanship is impeccable and we are very happy with the results. We hope to use Manfredia's services again in the near future.
Description of Work: Stair railing

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$1,900

Rebecca S.
06/2016
5.0
ceramic tile, closet systems, drywall, picture framing, gutter repair, insulation, lighting, remodeling, roofing, siding, replacement windows, woodworking, ceiling fans, house painters, interior painters, doors
  + 14 more
Wally was punctual on his arrival to our estimate. His explanations were through, concise and defined the work with expertise. He demonstrated amazing professionalism by wearing shoe coverings from the very outset as well. After 3 estimates his work came in the cheapest and he was punctual with contracts and such. We were very hampered by weather throughout the process due to the immense amount of rain/wind/snow and such throughout which delayed many processes. Although it is tough to live with a tarp on your roof, wally was very diligent in checking leaks, any issues with tarps (even when we were out of town) and any wind issues. He was open and honest throughout and fast to respond about cost increases due to upgrades and any issues that arise. He would send detailed bills about his work. He subcontracts for Electrical, Plumbing and Tile work...and his subs are exceptional (they even sent our tub back three times because of minimal specks of color they didnt like because they wanted to be perfect) Wally and Manfredia Construction is a small operation, typically only one or two guys working which can slow progress compared to other companies, but the attention to detail and the opinions of the homeowners makes the wait worth it. Wally and his team were consistently communicating (even with neurotic homeowners who were very anxious to finish). The work takes time, but you will not question the quality at the end (slow and steady wins the race.....no question about quality). Wally and his team really became like a family member to us. He would consistently ask and invite us to see the work he was doing and welcomed any opinions or questions. He was open, honest and a professional throughout (he even worked some Saturdays and Sunday to help us get to to the end....amazing). It was actually sad to get the key back and pay our final payment. I would strongly recommend him again (hes already given some estimates for future work with us). He is the contractor for our future and for our first ever renovation he made the process easy. All renovations are stressful and he tries his best to be open, honest and detailed in his work. As with any renovation there will be increases, and his increases were truly what was best for our family and our future. He was concerned about our safety and well being before anything else which shows compassion and caring for his clients.
Description of Work: We own a cape style home. We extended the roof of the second floor adding an additional bathroom as well as adding to the square footage of the bathroom upstairs. We also upgraded our water heater and our electrical system through the process.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$50,000

Dianne C.
05/2016
5.0
remodeling
  + -1 more
Wally and his crew were exceptional in every way. They were responsive and on budget. They worked hard with great attention to detail. Wally is very customer focused, knowledgable and made good suggestions. We are very happy with the quality and Wally certainly has our recommendation.
Description of Work: Bathroom and Basement remodeled

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro

Bobbie T.
05/2016
5.0
woodworking
  + -1 more
Working with the owner Wally Manfredia was a great experience. He is a great communicator and easy to work with. The workmanship of his and his team is excellent. We have no complaints about the quality of the work done. We have been getting the greatest compliments on our basement for the last 10 years. As far as my mom's place, it looks like new, and we have gotten many compliments from potential buyers coming through. The condo has a fresh updated feel and the work is excellent.
Description of Work: I had two separate jobs done by Manfredia construcion. In March of 2005 Manredia Construction finished the lower level of our home and did a stellar job. In February of 2016, we put our mom's house up for sale and it need updating. Wally put in all new flooring and painting.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$100,000

Mark L.
04/2016
5.0
fencing, remodeling, replacement windows
  + 1 more
Getting the project going took a little longer than we wanted but that was mainly due to the need to order the Permacast columns for the front of the house. They took a while to come in. The back porch post was done while we waited for those to come in. Once available the weather chimed in and delayed us as well. Through the delays Wally was extremely polite and returned all my emails same day and updated me accordingly when the columns were in and when work would be started. Great communication all around. The installation was smooth for the front columns which were installed in a day. The back porch post was done with a wood capping that Wally kindly upgraded to PVC as it looked better and will hold up better. He repaired some fence panels for me on the fly as well as a few had started to come apart from age practically reassembling one whole panel alone. The columns were painted to finish up the install. They needed to be resanded once due to alot of loose fibers from the rollers but Wally redid that without complaint and put the trim on that matched what we used to have on the old columns. Good communication, polite, professional and accommodating is how I'd sum this up. The price was a little high but that was more the fiberglass columns as opposed to going with wood. Now I wont have to worry about the columns save for painting them in the future. Great experience overall.
Description of Work: Replaced front 17ft columns and back porch post. Additional fence repair added while on job.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
4.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$6,500

Chuck L.
01/2016
5.0
custom cabinets, remodeling, home remodeling, woodworking
  + 2 more
We could not be happier with the results. This is the third time that we have used Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting. Wally the owner has a wealth of knowledge and 25 plus years of experience and it show in everything he does. We had our whole kitchen upgraded and remodeled from floor to new granite tops, sinks, fixtures and appliances. Wally came up with many cost effective and unique solutions to a challenging kitchen layout and our budget. Wally build a custom oak kitchen Island which incorporated shelves with a down draft cooktop strong enough to support a very large piece of granite. All the counter tops were also done in granite. In addition custom cabinets were built to utilize space and storage. Wally handled everything and coordinated all the sub-contractors need for the job, i.e. electrician, plumber, appliance installers and granite. The crew keep the house clean and cleaned up every night very important as this was the kitchen the room most used in any home. With very little down time and a keen eye for details Wally and his crew did and outstanding job which I highly recommend his services for anyone's next home improvement project.
Description of Work: kitchen remodeling

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
5.0
value
5.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
5.0
punctuality
5.0

Yes, I recommend this pro
$48,000

Tim V.
11/2015
4.0
remodeling
  + -1 more
Wally was incredibly professional and thorough. My only complaint was his price tag-- pretty much triple what everyone else was offering to the same amount of work.
Description of Work: Performed secondary home inspection after first inspection was not enough for lender.

Rating CategoryRating out of 5
quality
4.0
value
2.0
professionalism
5.0
responsiveness
4.0
punctuality
4.0


Contact information

417 Conard Drive, Springfield, PA 19064

http://manfrediascarpentry.com

Service hours

Sunday:
Closed
Monday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Tuesday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Wednesday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Thursday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Friday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Saturday:
Closed

Licensing

Insured

Licensed*

Trade License Number
PA025000
Trade License Locale
Pennsylvania
Trade License Authority
Pennsylvania: Home Improvement Contractors
Trade License Expiration
07/11/2025

Eco-friendly Accreditations

LEED Accredited Professional
No
Energy Star Partner
No
EPA Lead-Safe Certified
Yes
Use Green Products or Work Practices
Yes
State Contractor License Requirements

All statements concerning insurance, licenses, and bonds are informational only, and are self-reported. Since insurance, licenses and bonds can expire and can be cancelled, homeowners should always check such information for themselves. To find more licensing information for your state, visit our State Contractor License Requirements page.

*Contact business to see additional licenses.


Service Categories

General Remodeling,
Finished Carpentry and Woodworking,
Drywall,
Doors,
Interior Painting,
Kitchen and Bath Remodeling,
Framing,
Lighting,
Windows,
Basement Remodeling,
Insulation,
Ceramic Tile

FAQ

Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC is currently rated 4.9 overall out of 5.

Sunday: Closed

Monday: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM

Tuesday: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM

Wednesday: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM

Thursday: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM

Friday: 9:00 AM - 5:00 PM

Saturday: Closed

Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC accepts the following forms of payment: Check
Yes, Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC offers free project estimates.
Yes, Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC offers eco-friendly accreditations.
No, Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC does not offer a senior discount.
No, Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC does not offer emergency services.
Yes, Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC offers warranties.
Manfredia's Carpentry & General Contracting, LLC offers the following services: Additions - Finished Basements - Kitchens - Bathrooms - Garages - Windows - Doors - Siding - Gutters - Decks - Porches - Columns - Steps - Railings - Drywall - Painting - Ceramic Tile - Hardwood Floors - Trim Work - Egress Windows & Doors - Custom Closets, Pantries and Built-ins - Custom Carpentry Work
Resurfacing of cabinets, floors & stairs.

Contact information

417 Conard Drive, Springfield, PA 19064

http://manfrediascarpentry.com

Service hours

Sunday:
Closed
Monday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Tuesday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Wednesday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Thursday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Friday:
9:00 AM - 5:00 PM
Saturday:
Closed